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# ERC-721

## ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token (NFT) Standard 🖼️

ERC-721 defines the standard for non-fungible tokens, which are unique and indivisible. This standard has been crucial for the development of digital collectibles, art, and gaming assets.

Key functions of ERC-721:

* balanceOf(address owner): Returns the number of NFTs owned by an address
* ownerOf(uint256 tokenId): Returns the owner of a specific token
* transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId): Transfers ownership of an NFT
* approve(address to, uint256 tokenId): Grants permission to transfer a specific NFT
* setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved): Enables or disables approval for a third party to manage all of the sender's assets

Example ERC-721 implementation:

```solidity
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract ERC721Token {
    mapping(uint256 => address) private _owners;
    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;
    mapping(uint256 => address) private _tokenApprovals;
    mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;

    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);
    event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);

    function balanceOf(address owner) public view returns (uint256) {
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC721: balance query for the zero address");
        return _balances[owner];
    }

    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address) {
        address owner = _owners[tokenId];
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC721: owner query for nonexistent token");
        return owner;
    }

    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) public {
        address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
        require(to != owner, "ERC721: approval to current owner");
        require(msg.sender == owner || isApprovedForAll(owner, msg.sender),
            "ERC721: approve caller is not owner nor approved for all"
        );
        _tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
        emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId);
    }

    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address) {
        require(_exists(tokenId), "ERC721: approved query for nonexistent token");
        return _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
    }

    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) public {
        require(operator != msg.sender, "ERC721: approve to caller");
        _operatorApprovals[msg.sender][operator] = approved;
        emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, operator, approved);
    }

    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) public view returns (bool) {
        return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
    }

    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public {
        require(_isApprovedOrOwner(msg.sender, tokenId), "ERC721: transfer caller is not owner nor approved");
        _transfer(from, to, tokenId);
    }

    function _exists(uint256 tokenId) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _owners[tokenId] != address(0);
    }

    function _isApprovedOrOwner(address spender, uint256 tokenId) internal view returns (bool) {
        require(_exists(tokenId), "ERC721: operator query for nonexistent token");
        address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
        return (spender == owner || getApproved(tokenId) == spender || isApprovedForAll(owner, spender));
    }

    function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
        require(ownerOf(tokenId) == from, "ERC721: transfer of token that is not own");
        require(to != address(0), "ERC721: transfer to the zero address");
        _approve(address(0), tokenId);
        _balances[from] -= 1;
        _balances[to] += 1;
        _owners[tokenId] = to;
        emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);
    }

    function _approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
        _tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
        emit Approval(ownerOf(tokenId), to, tokenId);
    }
}
```


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